Have you ever wondered what factors determine the size of a litter of puppies and how it can impact both the safety of the newborns and the well-being of the mother? As a breeder or veterinarian, it is crucial to understand the interplay between maternal factors and litter size, as it can have significant consequences.
In this comprehensive blog, we delve into the science behind the relationship between maternal age, breed, and breeding method, and the impact they have on the average litter size of dogs. So, grab a cup of coffee and join us as we explore the fascinating world of canine breeding and learn about the critical importance of litter size.
“The litter size directly affects the safety of puppies during birth and depends on the mother’s age, breed, and the breeding method.”
Uchańska et al, 2022
Litter Size and the Threat of Uterine Inertia
One of the key determinants of litter size is the breed of the mother dog. In general, larger breeds have a greater uterine capacity, enabling them to carry more fetuses and produce larger litters of up to 11 to 12 puppies… and more! In contrast, smaller breeds, such as miniatures, tend to have litters of 3 to 5 pups.
This disparity in litter size is of particular concern in larger breeds, where a high number of puppies can lead to primary or secondary uterine inertia (FYI – uterine inertia is a condition in which the uterus is unable to contract effectively during labor, which can result in prolonged or difficult delivery).
This can cause the uterus to overstretch, resulting in weak contractions or prolonged labor that put both the mother and the puppies at risk.
How Does the Age of the Mother Impact Litter Size in Dogs?
For breeders and veterinarians alike, understanding the impact of a mother’s age on litter size is crucial.
The fertility and reproductive health of a dog can greatly be influenced by their age, with those less than 1 year or over 6 years old having fewer pups compared to dogs aged 2 to 5 years.
Unfortunately, older primiparous bitches are at a higher risk for single-puppy pregnancies, uterine disorders, prolonged labor, and even dystocia (= difficulty to give birth).
Thus, breeding bitches over the age of 6 is highly discouraged for the health and well-being of both the mother and her litter.
The Impact of Breeding Methods on Puppy Outcomes
The choice of breeding method plays a crucial role in determining litter size.
While natural mating may offer the most efficient way to obtain a larger litter, it’s declining in popularity due to the inconvenience of travel. On the other hand, artificial insemination (AI) provides a reliable option, particularly when using fresh semen instead of chilled or frozen-thawed semen.
Something important to remember here though : by determining the optimal window of fertility through the use of progesterone assays, breeders and veterinarians can significantly increase both the fertility rates and litter size of their dogs. This simple yet crucial step ensures the presence of live spermatozoa at the time of fertilizable eggs, leading to a greater chance of successful breeding and a larger litter of healthy puppies
Protecting Pup and Dam Health
The last pup in a litter is at the highest risk of stillbirth, and large litters can also increase the risk of perinatal and neonatal mortality, as well as maternal health problems such as pregnancy toxemia. The latter occurs most often when there is an inadequate energy balance, largely due to a large litter of puppies, leading to a negative energy balance.
In light of the many factors that can impact litter size in dogs – breed, age, and breeding method – it is imperative that breeders and veterinarians work in tandem to ensure the well-being of both mothers and their offspring. With a thorough understanding of these elements and the proper measures in place, the breeding process can yield successful, healthy litters. By recognizing the potential consequences of litter size on maternal health and taking the necessary precautions, breeders and veterinarians can strive for the best possible outcomes for all involved.
One of the most common challenge we encounter in breeding kennels is NEONATAL MORTALITY.
It can be very frustrating… even heart-breaking.
Good news though : you can do something about it !
We now have more knowledge than ever in this discipline.
In recent years, new research brought us a much better understanding of what can be done to optimize the health of newborn puppies.
By taking this course, this is what you will learn indeed !
DR. EMMANUEL FONTAINE 